Engaging underserved communities in end-of-life conversations: a cluster, randomized controlled trial

Modified Abstract Section Many Black, Hispanic, and rural patients are more likely to receive low quality end-of-life medical care than the general population– in fact, they are 3 times more likely than the general population to die after a lengthy intensive care unit stay. Advance care planning (ACP)– the process of discussing one’s wishes with loved ones and clinicians, and then documenting them in an advance directive (AD)– can help reduce costly/burdensome treatments that are unlikely to reduce suffering or improve quality of life. Though ~60% of Americans engage in ACP, <25% of Black, Hispanic and rural White populations have done so– in large part due to reluctance to discuss death and dying. This study harnesses communities’ existing social networks to deploy two community-based ACP interventions and study their mechanisms of action. By identifying which interventions increase engagement in ACP (and why), this project will help improve quality of end-of-life care, reduce unnecessary suffering, and end-of-life healthcare costs which conserves public health resources. Over the past 5 years, our team has studied an inexpensive and readily scalable serious game called Hello that prompts discussion of sensitive end-of-life issues. Across multiple studies, participants report that playing Hello is enjoyable, eye-opening, and motivating —98% of participants subsequently performed at least 1 ACP behavior. Recently, we developed a nationwide community-based delivery model for ‘Hello’ and confirmed the game’s acceptability by engaging 53 Black, Hispanic and rural White communities in ACP (n=1,165). We now propose a 3-armed, cluster, randomized controlled trial (RCT) in similar populations to compare the efficacy of ‘Hello’ (Group 1) with a nationally promoted structured workbook ‘The Conversation Project Starter Kit,’ (Group 2), and a non-ACP game called ‘Table Topics,’ (placebo/attention control; Group 3). We will randomize 75 Black, Hispanic and rural White communities across the US (20 participants/site; n=1,500). The primary outcome is completion of an AD; secondary outcomes include performance of other ACP behaviors. This study will provide key scientific advancements by: 1) providing efficacy data on two widely used and easily scalable but not yet evidence-based interventions; 2) advancing the science of interventional design by examining the interventions’ potential mechanisms of action (i.e. quality of communication, and role of social environment); and 3) assessing how and why our community-based delivery model engages communities in ACP. Should the RCT have negative findings, we still will have gained a robust understanding of the social environment’s role in population health research. If successful, this project will provide an evidence-based model for engaging Black, Hispanic and rural White communities in ACP, along with a robust understanding of how to design and deliver community-based initiatives relevant for other population health-based research.