Harnessing type I interferon to promote lung-resident memory CD4 T cell immunity against influenza

Project Summary Memory CD4 T cells residing at sites of infection are key orchestrators of immunity. It is increasingly clear that key signals promoting such tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells do not overlap completely with those that support generation of conventional memory T cell subsets. Delineating signals that optimize CD4 TRM generation is important to improve vaccine-induced immunity against pathogens like influenza A virus (IAV) against which antibody alone cannot confer lasting protection. Our data indicates that type I interferons (IFN) can promote a unique activation module that optimizes the transition of anti-viral CD4 T cell effectors into TRM, and that Th1 programming, through the transcription factor T-bet, restricts the ability of cells to adopt this ‘pre-TRM’ effector state. This proposal will breakdown key mechanisms underlying the ability of type I IFN to promote lung CD4 TRM during IAV infection and in a translational model of intranasal vaccination. In Aim 1, we will use mouse models to differentiate how direct type I IFN signals to CD4 T cells, and indirect effects through modulating the inflammatory environment, impact the functional and transcriptional identity of pre-TRM effectors and ultimately shape the TRM landscape. We will also determine the extent to which T-bet expression by CD4 T cells effects the ability of I IFN to modulate TRM priming. In Aim 2, we will determine how IAV-primed CD4 T cells interpret type I IFN signals through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) molecules, and the extent to which specific STAT activation signatures by type I IFN change through the kinetic window when we find memory fate to be determined. This analysis will be used to optimize strategies to boost TRM through increasing availability of type I IFN to responding CD4 T cells. A hallmark of effective CD4 TRM responses is their rapid activation which results in control of viral titers before systemic immune responses are initiated. As Type I IFNs have a suppressive impact on naive CD4 T cell activation, we propose that CD4 TRM are specialized to not only escape this suppressive impact during antigen encounter, but to harness type I IFN as an acute ‘trigger’ optimizing their recall. In Aim 3 we will determine the extent to which this mechanism operates, and how T-bet and specific STAT expression by TRM fine-tune this response. This proposal will provide high impact mechanistic data by elucidating how type I IFN can be harnessed to improve the generation and recall of CD4 TRM, with relevance to IAV and likely other respiratory pathogens. Our long-term goal is develop vaccine and therapeutic strategies incorporating insights from this research to improve durable and rapidly responsive cellular immunity in the lung.