Project 2 Vector biology impact on human and zoonotic malaria transmission dynamic in Southeast Asia

Project 2: Abstract Despite significant endeavors in prevention and control, malaria remains a formidable and persistent public health threat in Southeast Asia. Zoonotic malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi is a growing challenge to malaria control in Southeast Asia. Despite reported human cases, knowledge on the distribution and behavior of P. knowlesi vectors remains limited. Deforestation and agricultural activities are linked to zoonotic malaria, but their mechanisms are not fully understood. While P. knowlesi vectors are typically forest-dwelling mosquitoes, some species dominate in deforested agricultural villages. Insecticide resistance complicates control efforts. Widespread use of indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets has altered mosquito species, abundance, susceptibility, and biting behaviors. However, the impact on P. knowlesi vectors and disease transmission is uncertain. Addressing these gaps is crucial for effective malaria management. Therefore, the overarching objectives of this project are to 1) investigate how environmental changes affect human and zoonotic malaria transmission in Southeast Asia; 2) enhance understanding of vector behavioral ecology, population dynamics, vector competence, insecticide resistance, and the genetic basis underlying these factors; and 3) assess novel vector control methods targeting Anopheles malaria vectors in controlled environments. This knowledge will play a pivotal role in shaping zoonotic vector control programs and providing a fundamental knowledge base for the development of enhanced tools in vector control.