Characterization of Whole Brain Demyelination and Axon Damage Using High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by autoimmune inflammation coupled to demyelination and eventual neurodegeneration, affecting more than 2 million people worldwide. Relaxation-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive in revealing macroscopic tissue abnormalities in the brain, they are not specific to the pathological substrate of the MS lesion and have a limited prognostic role. These methods are sensitive to the MS lesions in white matter (WM), characterization of MS lesions in the cerebral cortex has been proven to be difficult by clinical MRI. Advanced diffusion MRI (dMRI) techniques offer the potential to improve the understanding of axon and dendrites damage in MS. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), as a novel MRI technique, has been demonstrated to show high correlations with myelin and iron content. Our long-term goal is to develop specific and reliable whole brain imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis of MS and monitoring the disease progression. We have developed the whole mouse brain dMRI and QSM methods at 25 µm isotropic resolution using 3D under sampling acquisition and nonlinear reconstruction. Our recent results have showed that QSM of corpus callosum decreases significantly (more diamagnetic) after 2 weeks cuprizone administration. Our hypothesis is that combining novel dMRI and QSM technologies at high spatial resolution affords robust and quantitative imaging-based biomarkers of MS by detecting the progression of iron dysregulation, demyelination, and axon damage through the whole brain. In this proposal, we will perform both in vivo and ex vivo MRI to quantify the whole brain demyelination, iron dysregulation, and axon damage using Thy-1 YFP-16 transgenic mice with cuprizone administration. The QSM values and dMRI outcomes from basic diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) model to the advanced neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) model and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) model will be measured at different timing points (Aim 1). Currently, directly correlating MRI findings to histology is still challenging due to the limited spatial resolution and various image contrasts derived from water diffusion, relaxation, and magnetic susceptibility characteristics. The 3D MRI quantitative mappings will be validated against with the whole brain light sheet microscopy (LSM) at each timing point. The imaging-based biomarkers will be observed by the voxel- based comparison between MRI and LSM. The 3D co-registration comparison will also help us to fundamentally understand the origin of MR image contrasts and properties (Aim 2). The high-resolution multidimensional brain atlas at each timing point will be generated and shared at both Waxholm space and Allen Brain Mouse Atlas space at different spatial resolution, from 25 µm to 200 µm isotropic resolution (Aim 3). This project is expected to provide novel insights to improve the specificity of MRI for the diagnosis of MS and understand the complex mechanism of the disease.