Continued Observations at the Panularis Hydrographic Station

Hydrostation S, located approximately 25 km southeast of Bermuda, is one of the longest sustained open-ocean, full-depth hydrographic time series, with observations beginning in 1954. Hydrostation S is a globally important public dataset used widely for synthesis, model evaluation, and validation of observations from satellites and autonomous underwater vehicles. The project will continue to collect hydrographic data from the long-term station and ensure rapid, open dissemination of calibrated data. The program provides extensive workforce development through hands-on sea experience on one-day cruises, integration of data into undergraduate and graduate curricula, research experiences for undergraduate students, and ocean literacy activities in public schools. The station also serves as a flexible platform for community sampling, sensor testing, coordination with autonomous observing systems, strengthening the regional observing network and enhancing societal value of sustained ocean observation. This project will extend Hydrostation S for an additional five years with biweekly, full ocean-depth observations of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Carbon system properties are leveraged primarily as tracers of physical processes. Ship-based sampling will be complemented by autonomous observations to resolve high-frequency and mesoscale variability that can alias trend detection at lower sampling rates. The proposed work provides one of the few sustained, high-frequency, full-depth observing records capable of diagnosing processes in the subtropical gyre from seasonal to multi-decadal timescales. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.