Sex chromosomal regulation of hippocampal microglial activation with Alzheimer's disease and aging

ABSTRACT Sex and age are the primary risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. After decades of failed clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is an urgent need for creative approaches to uncover new therapeutic targets. While women experience a greater prevalence, more severe neuropathology, and greater cognitive decline with AD, men diagnosed with AD progress more quickly to death. However, little is known about the mechanisms (whether hormonal or sex chromosomal) driving the sex-biased response to AD pathology with brain aging. Our long-term goal is to identify the underlying mechanisms governing the sex-biased response to AD. Recent GWAS studies have identified several AD risk loci in genes exclusively expressed by microglia, shifting the field to explore potential causative roles of microglia in AD. As well, microglia show profound phenotypic sex differences with aging and AD. We hypothesize that sex differences in microglial responsivity contribute mechanistically to the sex-biased disease progression seen in AD. Although the onset of AD correlates to the menopausal transition in women, hormone replacement therapies (HRT) have generated mixed results. The formerly under-appreciated role of sex chromosomal contributions has recently come to the forefront in AD research, with a special emphasis on X-encoded histone modifiers. The objective of this study is to determine if sex chromosome complement (XX v. XY), independent of sex hormones, alters pathological progression and microglial activational profiles in AD and test the hypothesis that X-encoded lysine-specific demethylase Kdm6a contributes to the sexually divergent microglial response to AD. Our specific aims will test the following hypotheses: (Aim 1) sex chromosome complement alters survival and pathological progression (plaques/tangles, microgliosis) of AD; (Aim 2) sex chromosomally regulated differences in heterogeneous microglial cell responses to aging and AD are driven, in part, by alterations in histone modifications (H3K27me3); (Aim 3) microglial X-encoded Kdm6a expression is sufficient to cause sexually- divergent microglial response to AD through genome-wide, targeted removal of repressive H3K27me3. The paired phenotypic and multi-omic data generated in these studies will facilitate the identification of sex- differentially regulated genomic programs that confer protection or risk to the progression of AD in both sexes in order to prioritize targets for small molecule or epigenome editing for therapeutic intervention in AD. The research plan is innovative because we investigate sex differences in AD through the lens of sex chromosomes and utilize ground-breaking transcriptomic, epigenomic, and analytical techniques to gain a previously unattainable resolution of microglia heterogeneity.